A million words …and hopefully the odd wise one

The other night whilst waiting for sleep to overtake me I was idly wondering how many words I had written for the Stowe Family Law Blog (don’t ask me why!). I tried to make the calculation in my head, but it was too much for my tired mind. So the next morning I got out the calculator.

I began writing for Stowe Family Law in late 2013. Since then, I have written five posts a week, excluding Xmas/New Year week, bank holidays, and one week when I had the flu. In total that comes to about 1,350 posts. Taking an average of 750 words per post, that comes to some 1,012,000 words. Now, I realise that that is a very rough calculation, but it is still a lot of words.

What on Earth have all of those words been about? Well, mostly about developments in family law: news, legislation and, above all, cases. And what developments there have been over those five and a half years. In fact, so great have they been that the whole family law landscape has changed almost beyond recognition. I really don’t think that there has ever been a period of such rapid change. And, as we will see in a moment, it is not over.

When I began writing here we were still trying to understand the effect of the legal aid cuts that had occurred earlier in 2013, removing legal aid from most types of private family law work. In the following six years all of our worst fears have been realised: most litigants unrepresented, many cases with no lawyers at all to help the court, court lists lengthening, more delays, more stress for judges, litigants being taken advantage of by unqualified charlatans, litigants struggling to represent themselves (frequently against the inequality of the other party being represented), and often people deciding that they would rather not go to court at all, than have to go through the process without legal help. These have all, sadly, been recurring themes in my posts here.

But the family law world when I began writing here was so different in many ways from how it is now.

Who, for example, can remember a world in which the word ‘transparency’ referred only to whether you could see through something? All that changed early in 2014 when our then President Sir James Munby introduced his ‘Transparency Guidance’, supposedly requiring most family law judgments to be published, to better inform the public of what goes on in the family courts. Now, for better or worse, ‘transparency’ is a word that you can hardly avoid in family law circles.

Moving on to issues of rather greater significance, who now can remember a time when same-sex couples could not marry? In fact, that was the case as recently as March 2014, when the first marriages between couples of the same gender took place.

And who can now remember a time when we didn’t use the term ‘child arrangements order’ when referring to what were previously ‘residence’ and ‘contact’ orders. Since 2014 we have had to get used to rather more awkward terms such as ‘lives with’ orders and ‘spends time with’ orders. Such is progress.

And the other big change of 2014 was the introduction of the Family Court. For the first time, we would actually have a court dedicated to family law, rather than have to share courts used for other civil, or even criminal, law purposes. Of course, this did not mean that family courts would have their own buildings. That, of course, would have been too expensive. We have therefore had to settle for the rather cheaper option of simply changing a few nameplates and letter headings. Litigants still use the same buildings, and most would probably not notice the difference.

But there were more changes for the courts to follow. In 2015, we were given regional divorce centres. Another cost-cutting exercise, this meant that no longer could you go to a local court to issue your divorce. Instead, you had to use a regional centre, which could be hundreds of miles away. And, surprise, surprise, the centres were over-worked and under-staffed, resulting in inevitable delays to the divorce process. Progress again.

Other changes to the courts have included the introduction of specialist courts to deal with financial remedy cases and, of course, the introduction of the online court. Both of these will, hopefully, prove to be of benefit.

Back to the law itself, there have been several notable Supreme Court cases dealing with family law issues. In particular, we had the Owens divorce case and the Steinfeld & Keidan civil partnership case, both of which had a huge effect upon the future of family law: the forthcoming introduction of no-fault divorce and civil partnerships for opposite-sex couples.

So writing for Stowe Family Law has been a tumultuous ride, and one which I have enjoyed immensely. I know that some people have taken exception to some of the things I have said here. That’s not a problem – it is the nature of family law that it evokes different views, often very strongly held. I hope, though, that at least some of my words here have displayed at least a modicum of wisdom, and that readers have found them informative. Thank you for reading them (or at least some of them!).

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Author: John Bolch

What are the signs that mediation is not working?

Deciding to go through with a divorce is only the first decision you will make in the process. 

Perhaps you have already made one decision, and that is to avoid going to court for your divorce. If you are using mediation to end your marriage, you know that this process involves you and your spouse working together through each issue. Maybe you think you can handle this on your own, but what do you do when you feel like mediation isn’t working?

Is it time to give up?

Mediation is successful when both parties resolve to work out their differences and reach a fair settlement. With a trained mediator guiding them through the tough issues, many couples arrive at an agreement they can live with and one that often lasts longer because of the time they put into it.

However, this process does not work for every couple. Some signs that mediation isn’t working include:

  • You and your spouse are stuck on one issue, and you keep going in circles without coming to a resolution.
  • You find the conversation veering off course to unrelated matters, wasting valuable time.
  • Hours have passed, and you and your spouse have not settled a single issue on your agenda.
  • One of you is using your time in mediation to re-hash old wounds and vent about the reasons the marriage is ending.
  • One of you is not cooperating with the process or is unwilling to continue after a frustrating first session.

Sometimes, the first few hours of mediation are difficult, and it is natural for tempers to flare as you work through delicate and emotional matters. However, if you or your spouse is under the misconception that you would win every dispute and obtain every demand, perhaps mediation is not the right method of divorce for you.

Maybe you thought you could handle this on your own, and now you are looking for sound legal advice to help you determine whether to continue with mediation or head to court. It’s not too late to reach out to a Texas legal professional with experience in successful divorce mediation.


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Author: On behalf of Katie L. Lewis of Katie L. Lewis, P.C. Family Law

The basics of a paternity suit

In Texas, when a man gets a woman pregnant, this does not automatically give the man paternal rights to the child. Unlike married couples where there is the presumption that the husband is the father of the child, an unmarried father needs to establish paternity.

There are two major reasons to initiate a paternity suit. One is for the mother of the child to obtain child support. By legally establishing paternity, the father of the child will be required to provide financial support for the child. The other reason is for the father to maintain a legal relationship with the child. This is especially true in situations where unmarried parents are no longer together.

A paternity suit will ensue if the parents cannot agree on paternity. This typically results in a blood test being ordered. Depending on certain factors involved in the matter, one or both parties will be required to pay for it. In most cases, the costs are shared. If the test indicates that the man is the father, then child support, custody and visitation issues can be addressed. If the parities cannot come to an agreement on these matters, then the court will intervene and make a decision.

The basics of establishing paternity may seem straight forward, but paternity matters can get complicated. Thus, it is important that unmarried parents dealing with this and any other type of family law issue understand what rights and options they might have. This not only protects their individual rights but also the best interests of the children involved.


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Author: On behalf of Katie L. Lewis of Katie L. Lewis, P.C. Family Law

Herriott v. Herriott

(California Court of Appeal) – Affirmed the issuance of mutual restraining orders in a case where a divorced, elderly couple had been involved in a series of incidents. The husband had appealed from the restraining orders.


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The honeymoon is over…

Most marriage vows refer to ‘til death do us part’ but sometimes they barely last past the honeymoon (Britney famously had her first marriage annulled after just 55 hours).

So, as the press start to claim that the infamous Mrs Hailey Bieber (nee Baldwin) has called in divorce lawyers after just six months of marriage to Justin, I started to think about the issues people face that want to divorce so soon after the big day.

Interestingly, if the couple were to commence divorce proceedings in the UK, the first stumbling block would be the fact that they have only been married for 6 months.

In the UK, you must be married for at least 1 year before you can file a divorce petition.  The only option you have prior to that is an annulment and there are only a handful of scenarios where that would be applicable.  For example, Hailey would have to prove that one of them did not consent to the marriage, for example due to duress, or that one of them was suffering from a mental disorder or venereal disease, or that the marriage had never been consummated.

The length of a marriage is an important factor in any divorce proceedings and this would be something to consider when looking at whether there should be any sort of financial order in this case.

In this situation, the couple are both celebrities and no doubt have their own significant personal wealth.  It is highly likely that they may have prenuptial agreements, particularly as these are very popular in the United States. However, if they have not and were getting divorced in the UK, then the Court has a wide discretion when deciding how to divide their assets, though inevitably arguments over assets being held pre-marriage would carry significant weight.

Consideration would be given to the fact that they do not have any children together and they are both financially independent.  If Hailey was not a global supermodel and had a very young baby, then she could be looking at a reasonable financial settlement to help her with her future as a single mother.

Another factor may be that she made financial sacrifices by entering the marriage and may need to be compensated for the same. This compensation does not necessarily have to mirror exactly what was sacrificed prior to or during the marriage as ultimately, they are both adults and both decided to enter a relationship with each other. However, if it was difficult for Hailey to move forward on her own then it could be reasonable for her to have some form of financial support in the short term.

If you have recently married and are concerned that you have made a mistake, I would recommend that you seek legal advice about what the consequences would be if you start divorce proceedings.

Alternatively, you can contact Relate, a charity specifically designed to assist couples that are going through relationship difficulties.

 

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Author: Victoria Clarke

A week in family law: Divorce reform, troubled families and a judicial reprimand

Another fairly quiet week in family law. Perhaps there is something else going on. Whatever, I have found these three stories.

Firstly, as I reported here yesterday, new research published by the Nuffield Foundation argues that the proposal by the Ministry of Justice (‘MoJ’) for no-fault divorce is fully consistent with international trends. Indeed, the report finds there is an international trend away from requiring any ground at all. Sounds good to me. The report examines what lessons can be drawn from the experience of divorce law reform in eight comparable jurisdictions: Austrailia, California, Colorado, Finland, Germany, New Zealand, Spain and Sweden, and finds that there is an international trend towards recognition that a divorce must be granted where one of both parties insists that the marriage is over. The aim of the report is to explore how divorce procedures that are similar to that being proposed here work in practice in other jurisdictions, to inform the MoJ’s policy process as it unfolds. The MoJ says that it will announce how it intends to reform the legal requirements for divorce ‘very soon’, so whether the report will actually make any difference at this late stage is a moot point. Nevertheless, as I said, the report makes fascinating reading.

And next a little bit of good news, or so it would seem. It has been reported that the Government’s Troubled Families Programme has reduced the number of children in care. Troubled Families is a programme of targeted intervention for families with multiple problems, including crime, anti-social behaviour, truancy, unemployment, mental health problems and domestic abuse. Local authorities identify ‘troubled families’ in their area and usually assign a key worker to act as a single point of contact. Central Government pays local authorities by results for each family that meet set criteria or move into continuous employment. £448 million was allocated to the first phase of the programme, which ran from 2012 to 2015. Local authorities worked with around 120,000 families, and ‘turned around’ 99%. However the independent evaluation of the programme found no evidence that the programme had made any significant impact across its key objectives. The second phase of the programme was launched in 2015, with £920 million allocated to help an additional 400,000 families. The second phase will run until 2020. New analysis of the 2015-2020 programme in a report from the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government suggests that the programme is cutting numbers of children in care by up to a third. The analysis compares families involved in the scheme to a control group which was not given the specialist help. The report states that: “The most striking finding is that the programme appears to have reduced the proportion of looked-after children”, adding: “2.5 per cent of the comparison group were looked after compared with 1.7 per cent of the programme group, a 32 per cent difference for this cohort at 19 to 24 months after joining the programme. The impact on those on the programme is likely to have huge benefits to children’s lives, contributes to managing children’s social care pressures and provides significant savings.” Whether all of this is as good as it sounds, I’m not sure.

And lastly, I have often wondered what makes anyone want to be a family court judge, in these days when the majority of litigants coming before them are unrepresented. No disrespect to litigants in person, but they must make the job of the judge more difficult, and at times more frustrating, particularly when the judicial workload is so high. It therefore comes as no surprise to see that a family court judge has been reprimanded by the Judicial Conduct Investigations Office (‘JCIO’) for speaking to an unrepresented party in a family case “in a sarcastic and condescending manner”, and banging her hand on her desk in frustration during a hearing. The judge expressed regret, but the JCIO decided that her behaviour “failed to demonstrate the standards expected of a judicial office holder”, and issued her with formal advice. Obviously there is no excuse for this behaviour, but perhaps we should spare a thought once in a while for the pressure that our judges are now having to work under.

Have a good weekend.

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Author: John Bolch

Report comparing divorce laws in other jurisdictions makes fascinating reading

The Nuffield Foundation has published a report presenting the findings of a project to explore the legal and procedural details of the divorce process in selected other jurisdictions. The report is designed to inform the current Ministry of Justice (‘MoJ’) consultation on reform of the ground for divorce and dissolution in England & Wales.

As the report explains, the MoJ is proposing that the sole ground for divorce of irretrievable breakdown should be evidenced by a new notification system or waiting period. The report examines what lessons can be drawn from the experience of notification and/or separation-based divorce in eight comparable jurisdictions: Australia, California, Colorado, Finland, Germany, New Zealand, Spain and Sweden.

Having never really studied divorce law in other jurisdictions, I find the report quite fascinating, both in terms of how similar different jurisdictions are in some respects, and how different they are in other respects. Overall, though, the report makes the important finding that jurisdictions are converging “towards recognition that a divorce must be granted where one or both parties insists that the marriage is over and away from scrutiny of a decision to divorce according to objective standards.” This is surely excellent news for the people of the countries/states concerned and, as the report says, indicates that the MoJ’s proposal to remove fault is fully consistent with international trends.

The report looks at various aspects of divorce law and procedure in the various jurisdictions, ranging from the grounds of divorce, through the different parts of the process, to whether the divorce can be opposed, and a number of other details.

The centrepiece of the report is a tabular summary of the law and procedure in England and Wales (at present) and the eight other jurisdictions. This sets out in an easy to read form all of the aspects mentioned above. To pick out a couple of the interesting facts at random, we find that most of the other jurisdictions have not had major reforms for almost as long as we have here (suggesting that we are rather behind the times), that Spain, Sweden and Finland do not have any grounds for divorce (and no available defences), and that in all countries/states save for England and Wales and Germany the court must approve or determine child arrangements before the divorce goes through (this was also the case here until 2014).

The report then examines various aspects of the divorce law and procedure in the different jurisdictions, and sets out possible implications for the MoJ to consider when deciding exactly what form our new divorce system should take.

I won’t comment on all of the points here, as I have not given detailed consideration to all of the various details of any new system. However, I do find the following points interesting:

  1. That there is a trend away from requiring any ground for divorce at all. Here, it is expected that we will keep irretrievable breakdown as the ground for divorce, but do we even need that? As the report says, in Spain, Sweden and Finland divorce is a right and, in the absence of a divorce ground, no proof is required.
  2. Most other countries do not have our two-part divorce process (decree nisi and decree absolute). Do we really need this?
  3. Our proposed six month notification period is in line with many other jurisdictions. As I have mentioned before, I wonder whether that is too long, although I don’t expect the MoJ/government to agree to a shorter period.
  4. The report says that in some jurisdictions defence of the marriage remains possible in theory, but is futile in practice. Quite. No jurisdiction has a specific provision to allow a respondent to register their wish to remain married. This must be the right way.
  5. Lastly, the report finds that a specific provision on the minimum duration of marriage is relatively unusual. Here, we have a bar on divorce petitions within one year of the marriage, and the government is proposing that that be kept. But is it really necessary? Clearly, other countries/states think not. After all, it is quite possible (and not unheard of) for the parties to a marriage to realise very soon after the wedding that they have made a mistake. Why should they be forced to lose one year of their lives because of a mistake?

Ok, I’ll leave it there. For further details, you can find the full report here.

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Author: John Bolch

In re Marriage of C.T. and R.B.

(California Court of Appeal) – Reversed a child custody order on the basis that it was not supported by the evidence. The order would have changed primary physical custody from the mother in California to the father in Arkansas.


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Mediation is more than a tick-box exercise

Having just recently completed my re-accreditation with the Family Mediation Council as an accredited Family Mediator, I noted with interest an article in The Times yesterday titled: Divorce lawyers should stop treating mediation as a box-ticking exercise.

I totally agree with the author. Sadly, family lawyers are not actively encouraging and promoting dispute resolution options such as mediation.

My experience from carrying out initial assessment meetings with potential mediation clients that have been referred by their solicitor is that they do not always come to the meeting with an open mind. Instead, they have been told by their solicitor that they just need to show up, get the mediator to sign off the form and then get onto the court case; reducing mediation to a tick box exercise.

This is disheartening. As family lawyers, we have a duty to our clients to give them unbiased advice on all options (depending upon the circumstances), to encourage and promote out of court dispute resolution, where appropriate. This approach is far more cost effective and will allow for a smarter, more dignified divorce/separation.

Some family lawyers are not putting their clients’ needs first but are instead, protecting their own income stream. It’s plain and simple: every case that is converted into a mediation matter is potentially one less litigation case for the lawyer, thus a decrease in fee income.

This is a great shame. Using mediation helps separated couples to make their own informed decisions as to what is best for them, their children and families. It reduces conflict, avoids court proceedings, is quicker and much more cost-effective. Most importantly, it allows for ongoing communication between the separating couple, which is vital. Mediation is child focused and looks at the impact of all possible resolutions on the children of the family.  Although not suitable and safe in every case, its use in family law should be championed and not dismissed.

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Author: Sushma Kotecha

Mother’s failed appeal indicates difficulty of overturning findings of fact

Often in proceedings relating to arrangements for children following parental separation one party will make allegations against the other that are so serious that they could have a crucial bearing upon the outcome of the case. Obviously, the court must make findings in relation to those allegations, and it often does so at a ‘fact-finding’ hearing.

As we will see in a moment, it is very difficult to overturn the findings of the court, and it is therefore essential that each party put their case as well as possible at the fact-finding hearing. This makes me wonder just how parents manage when they don’t have the benefit of legal representation –  one can imagine many cases turning out quite differently than they would have done had representation been available (although I should point out that legal aid, and therefore legal representation, should be available if the allegations involve domestic abuse).

None of which is intended to be any sort of criticism of the mother or her legal team in the case M v F (Appeal : Fact Finding), which is the subject of this post – I mention the case merely, as the title of this post states, to indicate the difficulty that parties face if the court’s findings go against them.

Now there was a lot going on in M v F, in particular regarding the details of the allegations, and I don’t need to go into those details for the purpose of this post (and in any event, to do so would make this post unmanageably long). Instead, I will take the unusual (for me) course of concentrating on the applicable law, rather than on the facts or findings of the case itself.

Basically the case concerned cross-applications by the father for a child arrangements order, and by the mother for a non-molestation order. The mother made various allegations against the father, including that he had used serious violence against her, that he had used controlling and coercive and abusive behaviour, and that he had used force against the child. The father denied the allegations.

A fact-finding hearing took place. Essentially the court found most of the allegations unproved. In particular the court found that the father did not pose any direct risk of physical harm to the child, or any psychological risk to the mother. The mother applied for permission to appeal against the findings.

The mother’s application went before Mr Justice Williams in the High Court. He set out the law on appeals against findings of fact, including the following points:

  1. Permission to appeal may be given only where the court considers that the appeal would have a real prospect of success, or there is some other compelling reason why the appeal should be heard. (Incidentally, in the report it states that Mr Justice Williams used the word ‘and’, instead of ‘or’. If so, that is, with respect, incorrect.)
  2. In the absence of some other identifiable error, such as a material error of law, or the making of a critical finding of fact which has no basis in the evidence, or a demonstrable misunderstanding of relevant evidence, or a demonstrable failure to consider relevant evidence, an appellate court will interfere with the findings of fact made by a trial judge only if it is satisfied that his decision cannot reasonably be explained or justified.
  3. Where a question of fact has been tried by a judge, and there is no question of misdirection of himself by the judge, an appellate court which is disposed to come to a different conclusion on the printed evidence, should not do so unless it is satisfied that any advantage enjoyed by the trial judge by reason of having seen and heard the witnesses, could not be sufficient to explain or justify the trial judge’s conclusion.
  4. The appellate court may take the view that, without having seen or heard the witnesses, it is not in a position to come to any satisfactory conclusion on the printed evidence.

As will be seen, this sets a high bar for the appellant. In particular, the law recognises the advantage that the original judge had in hearing the evidence first-hand – the appellate court can only make its decision based upon the paper, or printed, evidence, including the transcript of the fact-finding hearing. And look at the words I have highlighted in paragraph 2 above. It doesn’t matter if the judge hearing the appeal may have made different findings: they should only interfere if the original findings cannot reasonably be explained or justified.

Back to the case itself, Mr Justice Williams did not consider that any of the mother’s grounds of appeal had a realistic prospect of success in demonstrating either that the original findings were wrong, or that they were unjust by reason of a procedural irregularity. Accordingly, he refused the mother permission to appeal.

You can read a full report of the judgment here.

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Author: John Bolch